Cookies help us deliver our services. By using our services, you agree to our use of cookies. More information

Brown 2020 MitoFit Preprint Arch

From Bioblast


MitoFit Preprints         MitoFit Preprints        
Gnaiger 2019 MitoFit Preprints
       
Gnaiger MitoFit Preprints 2020.4
        MitoFit DOI Data Center         MitoPedia: Preprints         Bioenergetics Communications


Brown 2020 MitoFit Preprint Arch

Publications in the MiPMap
Brown RA, Sarkar A (2020) Vitamin D deficiency: a factor in COVID-19, progression, severity and mortality? – An urgent call for research. https://doi.org/10.26124/mitofit:200001

» MitoFit Preprint Arch 2020.1

MitoFit pdf

Vitamin D deficiency: a factor in COVID-19 progression severity and mortality? An urgent call for research - 2020-02-29 Published without peer-review in »Modern Ghana«

Brown Robert Andrew, Sarkar Amrita (2020) MitoFit Preprint Arch

Abstract: Version 1 (v1) 2020-03-24 doi:10.26124/mitofit:200001

The COVID-19 virus emerged in 2019. Mortality rates as at 20th March 2020 are much higher in southern than northern Europe. The elderly, and those with pre-existing conditions, are at greatest risk. It is hypothesised, vitamin D deficiency may significantly compromise, respiratory immune response function, thus greatly increasing risk of COVID-19 hospitalisation, severity and mortality. Winter vitamin D levels: based on; limited data, including; historical measured regional vitamin D deficiency rates (<25 nmol/L), intakes, and plasma vitamin D levels; fortification and supplementation policies; and public vitamin D awareness: appear to be significantly lower in southern, than northern Europe. In respiratory system conditions, such as influenza, vitamin D has wide-ranging and fundamental roles, including through: gene transcription via COVID-19 relevant VDR (Vitamin D Receptor) pathways; ACE1 and ACE2 pathways; wider immune function; airway epithelial cell tight-junction function and integrity; and mitochondrial related, energetics, apoptosis and inflammation, management. Studies suggest vitamin D supplementation may be protective against respiratory conditions, in ‘D’ deficient persons. Would vitamin D supplementation of the deficient, mitigate the severity of the current COVID-19 outbreak; and reduce future, likely upcoming, seasonal amplification effects? ‱ Keywords: COVID-19, Vitamin D deficiency, 25 hydroxy D, Vitamin D Receptor, VDR Receptor, Obesity, Influenza, ACE, Angiotensin, Tight Junctions. ‱ Bioblast editor: Iglesias-Gonzalez J

References

  1. A Frontline Doctor for the Mail on Sunday (2020) The look of panic among medics, patients failing to get oxygen in their lungs and dangerous under-dressing of staff: Frontline NHS doctor reveals how coronavirus has unleashed terror in hospital. Daily Mail Published: 22:01 GMT, 21 March 2020 | Updated: 08:13 GMT, 22 March 2020 https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-8138581/Coronavirus-frontline-NHS-doctor-reveals-patients-dying-agony-just-start.html
  2. Annweiler C, Pochic S, Fantino B, Legrand E, Bataille R, Montero-Odasso M, Beauchet O (2010) Serum vitamin D concentration and short-term mortality among geriatric inpatients in acute care settings. Advances in Therapy 27:245–9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12325-010-0025-6
  3. Arnljots R, Thorn J, Elm M, Moore M, Sundvall PD (2017) Vitamin D deficiency was common among nursing home residents and associated with dementia: A cross sectional study of 545 Swedish nursing home residents. BMC Geriatrics 17:229. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-017-0622-1
  4. Begley S (2020) New analysis of coronavirus risk: Young adults are not invincible - STAT. https://www.statnews.com/2020/03/18/coronavirus-new-age-analysis-of-risk-confirms-young-adults-not-invincible/ (Accessed 19 Mar 2020).
  5. Bialek S, Boundy E, Bowen V, Chow N, Cohn A, Dowling N, Sauber-Schatz E (2020) Severe outcomes among patients with Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) — United States, February 12–March 16, 2020. MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 69(12). https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6912e2
  6. BMJ Preventing a COVID-19 pandemic - Responses. doi: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.m810 (Published 28 February 2020) Cite this as: BMJ 2020;368:m810
  7. Bouillon R (2020) Vitamin D status in Africa is worse than in other continents. In The Lancet Global Health (Vol. 8, Issue 1, pp. e20–e21). Elsevier Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(19)30492-9
  8. Brown RA (2016a) Bioactive oxidised products of omega-6 and omega-3, excess oxidative stress, oxidised dietary intake and antioxidant nutrient deficiencies, in the context of a modern diet. In Omega-3 Fatty Acids: Keys to Nutritional Health (pp. 350–383). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-40458-5_28
  9. Brown RA (2016b) The linoleic-to-linolenic dietary intake ratio: The fundamental implications of imbalance and excess looked at from both a functional and an evolutionary perspective: An overview. In Omega-3 Fatty Acids: Keys to Nutritional Health (pp. 321–348). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-40458-5_27
  10. Campbell J (2020) Vitamin D and immunity - YouTube. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W5yVGmfivAk (Accessed 16 Mar 2020).
  11. Cannell JJ, Vieth, R., Umhau, J. C., Holick, M. F., Grant, W. B., Madronich, S., Garland, C. F., & Giovannucci, E. (2006). Epidemic influenza and vitamin D. In Epidemiology and Infection (Vol. 134, Issue 6, pp. 1129–1140). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0950268806007175
  12. Cao X, Lu, X., Tuo, X. et al. (2019). Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 regulates endoplasmic reticulum stress and mitochondrial function to preserve skeletal muscle lipid metabolism. Lipids Health Dis 18, 207 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12944-019-1145-x
  13. Chen H, Lu, R., Zhang, Y., & Sun, J. (2018). Vitamin D Receptor Deletion Leads to the Destruction of Tight and Adherens Junctions in Lungs. Tissue Barriers, 6(4), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1080/21688370.2018.1540904
  14. Chen J, Bruce, D., & Cantorna, M. T. (2014). Vitamin D receptor expression controls proliferation of naĂŻve CD8+ T cells and development of CD8 mediated gastrointestinal inflammation. BMC Immunology, 15(1), 6. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2172-15-6
  15. Chirumbolo S, BjĂžrklund, G., Sboarina, A., & Vella, A. The role of vitamin D in the immune system as a pro-survival molecule. Clin Ther. 2017 May;39(5):894-916. doi: 10.1016/j.clinthera.2017.03.021
  16. Chu W (2018) Supreme Court overrules Sweden’s National Food Agency in vitamin D sales ban. NUTRA Ingredients.Com. https://www.nutraingredients.com/Article/2018/11/30/Supreme-Court-overrules-Sweden-s-National-Food-Agency-in-vitamin-D-sales-ban (Accessed 16 Mar)
  17. Coronavirus Update (Live): 274,171 Cases and 11,354 Deaths from COVID-19 Virus Outbreak - Worldometer. https://www.worldometers.info/coronavirus/ (Accessed 16 Mar 2020).
  18. Cuomo A, Maina, G., Bolognesi, S., Rosso, G., Beccarini Crescenzi, B., Zanobini, F., Goracci, A., Facchi, E., Favaretto, E., Baldini, I., Santucci, A., & Fagiolini, A. (2019). Prevalence and Correlates of Vitamin D Deficiency in a Sample of 290 Inpatients With Mental Illness. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 10(MAR), 167. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00167
  19. Disease Burden of Influenza | CDC. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https://www.cdc.gov/flu/about/burden/index.html (Accessed 18 Mar 2020).
  20. Does the average Finn take vitamin D supplements? : Finland. https://www.reddit.com/r/Finland/comments/71h3em/does_the_average_finn_take_vitamin_d_supplements/ (Accessed 16 Mar 2020).
  21. Dong Y, Mo, X., Hu, Y., Qi, X., Jiang, F., Jiang, Z., & Tong, S. (2020). Epidemiological Characteristics of 2143 Pediatric Patients With 2019 Coronavirus Disease in China. Pediatrics. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2020-0702
  22. Edwards MH, Cole, Z. A., Harvey, N. C., & Cooper, C. (2020). THE GLOBAL EPIDEMIOLOGY OF VITAMIN D STATUS ‱ JARLIFE. The Journal of Aging Research & Lifestyle. http://www.jarlife.net/703-the-global-epidemiology-of-vitamin-d-status.html (Accessed 18 Mar 2020).
  23. Ekwaru JP, Zwicker, J. D., Holick, M. F., Giovannucci, E., & Veugelers, P. J. (2014). The Importance of Body Weight for the Dose Response Relationship of Oral Vitamin D Supplementation and Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D in Healthy Volunteers. PLoS ONE, 9(11), e111265. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0111265
  24. Fedson D (2017) Treating the host response to emerging virus diseases: lessons learned from sepsis, pneumonia, influenza and Ebola Vol 4, No 21 (November 2016) http://atm.amegroups.com/article/view/12396/html
  25. Galey P, Hood M (2020). Doctors map body’s COVID-19 immune response: study. Medical Xpress. https://medicalxpress.com/news/2020-03-doctors-body-covid-immune-response.html (Accessed 18 Mar 2020).
  26. Grant WB, Lahore, H., McDonnell, S. L., Baggerly, C. A., French, C. B., Aliano, J. L., & Bhattoa, H. P. (2020). Vitamin D Supplementation Could Prevent and Treat Influenza, Coronavirus, and Pneumonia Infections. https://doi.org/10.20944/PREPRINTS202003.0235.V1
  27. Gruber-Bzura BM (2018) Vitamin D and influenza—Prevention or therapy? In International Journal of Molecular Sciences (Vol. 19, Issue 8). MDPI AG. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms19082419
  28. Hansdottir S, Monick MM (2011) Vitamin D Effects on Lung Immunity and Respiratory Diseases. In Vitamins and Hormones (Vol. 86). https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-386960-9.00009-5
  29. Hassan-Smith ZK, Jenkinson, C., Smith, D. J., Hernandez, I., Morgan, S. A., Crabtree, N. J., Gittoes, N. J., Keevil, B. G., Stewart, P. M., Hewison, M. (2017). 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 exert distinct effects on human skeletal muscle function and gene expression. PLOS ONE, 12(2), e0170665. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0170665
  30. Hewison M (2012) An update on vitamin D and human immunity. In Clinical Endocrinology (Vol. 76,Issue 3, pp. 315–325). https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2265.2011.04261.x
  31. Holick MF, Chen TC (2008) Vitamin D deficiency: A worldwide problem with health consequences. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 87(4). https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/87.4.1080s
  32. Holvik K, Meyer, H. E., Madar, A. A., & Brustad, M. (2019). High-dosage vitamin D supplements are unnecessary. Tidsskrift for Den Norske Laegeforening, 139(7). https://doi.org/10.4045/tidsskr.18.0749
  33. Honce R, & Schultz-Cherry S. (2019). Impact of Obesity on Influenza A Virus Pathogenesis, Immune Response, and Evolution. Front Immunol. 2019; 10: 1071. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01071
  34. Hughes DA, & Norton, R. (2009). Vitamin D and respiratory health. In Clinical and Experimental Immunology (Vol. 158, Issue 1, pp. 20–25). John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2249.2009.04001.x
  35. Hybrigenics presented at the ASH Annual Meeting the potency of inecalcitol to induce CD38 on Multiple Myeloma cell lines. (2017, December). Hybrigenics Pharma, 1–2. https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=2ahUKEwj9k9Lhr6HoAhWjzYUKHZZhABwQFjAAegQIBBAB&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hybrigenics.com%2Fnews%2Farticles%2Fgetfile%2Fid%2F524&usg=AOvVaw3FR2_4M0qCAE5XEpRJp9pM
  36. Ioannidis JPA (2020) In the coronavirus pandemic, we’re making decisions without reliable data. https://www.statnews.com/2020/03/17/a-fiasco-in-the-making-as-the-coronavirus-pandemic-takes-hold-we-are-making-decisions-without-reliable-data/ (Accessed 18 Mar 2020).
  37. Itkonen ST, Erkkola, M., & Lamberg-Allardt, C. J. E. (2018). Vitamin D fortification of fluid milk products and their contribution to vitamin D intake and vitamin D status in observational studies—a review. In Nutrients (Vol. 10, Issue 8). MDPI AG. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10081054
  38. Jolliffe DA, Greenberg, L., Hooper, R. L., Mathyssen, C., Rafiq, R., De Jongh, R. T., Camargo, C. A., Griffiths, C. J., Janssens, W., & Martineau, A. R. (2019). Vitamin D to prevent exacerbations of COPD: Systematic review and meta-analysis of individual participant data from randomised controlled trials. Thorax, 74(4), 337–345. https://doi.org/10.1136/thoraxjnl-2018-212092
  39. Kasapidou E, Oikonomidou, A. C., & Chourdakis, M. (2018). Vitamin D status among Mediterranean regions. Hippokratia, 22(4), 191.
  40. Kawahito Y (2003) The roles of PPARs in immune and inflammatory system: application for arthritic joint disease. Ensho Saisei, 23(2), 74–83. https://doi.org/10.2492/jsir.23.74
  41. Keane KN, Cruzat, V. F., Calton, E. K., Hart, P. H., Soares, M. J., Newsholme, P., & Yovich, J. L. (2017). Molecular actions of Vitamin D in reproductive cell biology. In Reproduction (Vol. 153, Issue 1, pp. R29–R42). BioScientifica Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1530/REP-16-0386
  42. Ker HLe (2020) Hospitals in Germany Ready Themselves for the Worst - DER SPIEGEL. SPIEGEL International. https://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/hospitals-in-germany-ready-themselves-for-the-worst-a-3fe76172-b3f4-4332-9261-561d049b151a (Accessed 21 Mar 2020).
  43. Kong J, Zhu X, Shi Y, Liu T, Chen Y, Bhan I, Zhao Q, Thadhani R, Li YC. (2013) VDR attenuates acute lung injury by blocking Ang-2-Tie-2 pathway and renin-angiotensin system. Mol Endocrinol. 2013 Dec;27(12):2116-25. doi: 10.1210/me.2013-1146. Epub 2013 Nov 6.
  44. Krzyƛcin JW, Guzikowski, J., & Rajewska-WiÈ©ch, B. (2016). Optimal vitamin D3 daily intake of 2000 IU inferred from modeled solar exposure of ancestral humans in Northern Tanzania. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology, 159, 101–105. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2016.03.029
  45. Larson-Meyer DE, Ingold, B. C., Fensterseifer, S. R., Austin, K. J., Wechsler, P. J., Hollis, B. W., Makowski, A. J., & Alexander, B. M. (2017). Sun exposure in pigs increases the vitamin D nutritional quality of pork. PLOS ONE, 12(11), e0187877. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0187877
  46. Lips P, Cashman, K. D., Lamberg-Allardt, C., Bischoff-Ferrari, H. A., Obermayer-Pietsch, B., Bianchi, M. L., Stepan, J., Fuleihan, G. E.-H., Bouillon, R. (2019). Current vitamin D status in European and Middle East countries and strategies to prevent vitamin D deficiency: a position statement of the European Calcified Tissue Society in: European Journal of Endocrinology Volume 180 Issue 4 (2019). European Journal of Endocrinology, 180(4), P23–P54.
  47. Luxwolda MF, Kuipers, R. S., Kema, I. P., Janneke Dijck-Brouwer, D. A., & Muskiet, F. A. J. (2012). Traditionally living populations in East Africa have a mean serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration of 115nmol/l. British Journal of Nutrition, 108(9), 1557–1561. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007114511007161
  48. Marfey SP, Van Meter, R., & Bartlet, M. E. (1975). Interaction between Cholesterol and Calcium Ions in Solution. Zeitschrift Fur Naturforschung - Section C Journal of Biosciences, 30(11–12), 718–721. https://doi.org/10.1515/znc-1975-11-1203
  49. Martin TA, Das, T., Mansel, R. E., & Jiang, W. G. (2007). Enhanced tight junction function in human breast cancer cells by antioxidant, selenium and polyunsaturated lipid. Journal of Cellular Biochemistry, 101(1), 155–166. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcb.21162
  50. Martin TA, Das, T., Shalwitz, R. A., Mansel, R. E., & Jiang, W. G. (2005). Regulation of endothelial tight junctions by selenium, iodine, and its impact on GLA. Cancer Research, 65(9 Supplement).
  51. Martineau AR, Cates, C. J., Urashima, M., Jensen, M., Griffiths, A. P., Nurmatov, U., 
 Griffiths, C. J. (2016, September 5). Vitamin D for the management of asthma. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. John Wiley and Sons Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD011511.pub2
  52. Martineau AR, Jolliffe, D. A., Hooper, R. L., Greenberg, L., Aloia, J. F., Bergman, P., 
 Camargo, C. A. (2017). Vitamin D supplementation to prevent acute respiratory tract infections: Systematic review and meta-analysis of individual participant data. BMJ (Online), 356. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.i6583
  53. Mawson AR (2013) Role of Fat-Soluble Vitamins A and D in the Pathogenesis of Influenza: A New Perspective. International Scholarly Research Notices, 2013, 1–26. https://doi.org/10.5402/2013/246737
  54. Monella LM, Priese A (2020) Coronavirus: Why does Germany have so few COVID-19 deaths? | Euronews. Euronews. https://www.euronews.com/2020/03/13/coronavirus-why-does-germany-have-so-few-covid-19-deaths (Accessed 16 Mar 2020).
  55. Muir T (n.d.) Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells: A Brief Review | StemExpress. https://www.stemexpress.com/blogs/peripheral-blood-mononuclear-cells/ (Accessed 18 Mar 2020).
  56. Nelson CD, Powell, J. L., Price, D. M., Hersom, M. J., Yelich, J. V., Drewnoski, M. E., Bird, S. L., & Bridges, G. A. (2016). Assessment of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations of beef cows and calves across seasons and geographical locations1. Journal of Animal Science, 94(9), 3958–3965. https://doi.org/10.2527/jas.2016-0611
  57. Nelson CD, Lippolis, J. D., Reinhardt, T. A., Sacco, R. E., Powell, J. L., Drewnoski, M. E., O’Neil, M., Beitz, D. C., & Weiss, W. P. (2016). Vitamin D status of dairy cattle: Outcomes of current practices in the dairy industry. Journal of Dairy Science, 99(12), 10150–10160. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2016-11727
  58. Nwosu BU, Maranda, L., Berry, R., Colocino, B., Flores, C. D., Folkman, K., Groblewski, T., & Ruze, P. (2014). The vitamin D status of prison inmates. PLoS ONE, 9(3), e90623. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0090623
  59. Papadimitriou DT (2017) The big Vitamin D mistake. In Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health (Vol. 50, Issue 4, pp. 278–281). Korean Society for Preventive Medicine. https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.16.111
  60. Parhami F, Morrow, A. D., Balucan, J., Leitinger, N., Watson, A. D., Tintut, Y., Berliner, J. A., & Demer, L. L. (1997). Lipid oxidation products have opposite effects on calcifying vascular cell and bone cell differentiation. A possible explanation for the paradox of arterial calcification in osteoporotic patients. Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology, 17(4), 680–687. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.atv.17.4.680
  61. Park JH, Hong, I. Y., Chung, J. W., & Choi, H. S. (2018). Vitamin D status in South Korean population. Medicine (United States), 97(26). https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000011032
  62. PelĂĄez VC, AusĂ­n L., Mambrilla, M. R., Gonzalez-Sagrado M., PĂ©rez J.L. CastrillĂłn, P. (2017) Severe Vitamin D Deficiency, Functional Impairment And Mortality In Elderly Nursing Home Residents. Jarlife Aorik-23 2021 Boston, MA, USA,
  63. Pike JW, Meyer, M. B., Benkusky, N. A., Lee, S. M., St. John, H., Carlson, A., Onal, M., & Shamsuzzaman, S. (2016). Genomic Determinants of Vitamin D-Regulated Gene Expression. In Vitamins and Hormones (Vol. 100, pp. 21–44). Academic Press Inc. https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.vh.2015.10.011
  64. Portela ML, MĂłnico, A., Barahona, A., Dupraz, H., Sol Gonzales-Chaves, M. M., Zeni, S. N. (2010) Comparative 25-OH-vitamin D level in institutionalized women older than 65 years from two cities in Spain and Argentina having a similar solar radiation index. Nutrition 26(3):283-9 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2009.04.022
  65. Prisoners have very low vitamin D and get TB, influenza, and depression. https://vitamindwiki.com/Prisoners+have+very+low+vitamin+D+and+get+TB%2C+influenza%2C+and+depression (Accessed 16 Mar 2020).
  66. Ricca C, Aillon, A., Bergandi, L., Alotto, D., Castagnoli, C., & Silvagno, F. Vitamin D receptor is necessary for mitochondrial function and cell health. Int J Mol Sci. 2018 Jun; 19(6): 1672. doi: 10.3390/ijms19061672
  67. Roth DE, Abrams, S. A., Aloia, J., Bergeron, G., Bourassa, M. W., Brown, K. H., Calvo, M. S., 
 & Whiting, S. J. (2018). Global prevalence and disease burden of vitamin D deficiency: a roadmap for action in low- and middle-income countries. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1430(1), 44–79. https://doi.org/10.1111/nyas.13968
  68. Santos GC, Zeidler, J. D., PĂ©rez-Valencia, J. A., Sant'Anna-Silva, A. C. B., Da Poian, A. T., El-Bacha, T., Almeida, F. C. L. (2017) Metabolomic analysis reveals vitamin D-induced decrease in polyol pathway and subtle modulation of glycolysis in HEK293T cells. Sci Rep 7:9510.
  69. Saric S, Sivamani RK (2016) Polyphenols and sunburn. In International Journal of Molecular Sciences (Vol. 17, Issue 9). MDPI AG. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms17091521
  70. Saternus R, Vogt, T., & Reichrath, J. (2019). A critical appraisal of strategies to optimize vitamin d status in germany, a population with a western diet. Nutrients, 11(11). https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11112682
  71. Sertznig P, Dunlop, T., Seifert, M., Tilgen, W., & Reichrath, J. (2009). Cross-talk between vitamin D receptor (VDR)- and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-signaling in melanoma cells. Anticancer Research, 29(9), 3647–3658.
  72. Sims AC, Tilton, S. C., Menachery, V. D., Gralinski, L. E., Schafer, A., Matzke, M. M., 
 & Baric, R. S. (2013). Release of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Nuclear Import Block Enhances Host Transcription in Human Lung Cells. Journal of Virology, 87(7), 3885–3902. https://doi.org/10.1128/jvi.02520-12
  73. Spiro A, Buttriss, J, L. (2014) Vitamin D: An overview of vitamin D status and intake in Europe. Nutr Bull. Dec;39(4):322-350. DOI: 10.1111/nbu.12108
  74. Testing Serum Vitamin D Level. (2020). MEDICAL POLICY –2.04.135 Primera Blue Cross https://www.premera.com/medicalpolicies/2.04.135.pdf (Accessed 20th March 2020)
  75. Tetens I, Biltoft-Jensen, A., Spagner, C., Christensen, T., Gille, M. B., BĂŒgel, S., & Rasmussen, L. B. (2011). Intake of micronutrients among Danish adult users and non-users of dietary supplements. Food and Nutrition Research, 55. https://doi.org/10.3402/fnr.v55i0.7153
  76. Thevarajan I, Nguyen, T. H. O., Koutsakos, M., Druce, J., Caly, L., van de Sandt, C. E., Jia, X., Nicholson, S., Catton, M., Cowie, B., Tong, S. Y. C., Lewin, S. R., & Kedzierska, K. (2020). Breadth of concomitant immune responses prior to patient recovery: a case report of non-severe COVID-19. Nature Medicine, 1–3. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-020-0819-2
  77. Tintut Y, Hsu, J. J., & Demer, L. L. (2018). Lipoproteins in Cardiovascular Calcification: Potential Targets and Challenges. In Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine (Vol. 5, p. 172). Frontiers Media S.A. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcvm.2018.00172
  78. Van Beusekom M (2020) US studies offer clues to COVID-19 swift spread, severity | CIDRAP. Retrieved March 23, 2020, from http://www.cidrap.umn.edu/news-perspective/2020/03/us-studies-offer-clues-covid-19-swift-spread-severity
  79. Vitamin D — Health Professional Fact Sheet. National Institutes of Health US Deparment of Health & Human Services https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/VitaminD-HealthProfessional/ (Accessed 20th March 2020)
  80. Vitamins in Sweden | Market Research Report | Euromonitor. https://www.euromonitor.com/vitamins-in-sweden/report (Accessed 16 Mar 2020).
  81. Vringer E, Tait, S. W. G., Mitochondria and inflammation: cell death heats UpFront. Cell Dev. Biol., 27 June 2019 | https://doi.org/10.3389/fcell.2019.00100
  82. Vukić M, Neme, A., Seuter, S., Saksa, N., de Mello, V. D. F., Nurmi, T., Uusitupa, M., Tuomainen, T.-P., Virtanen, J. K., & Carlberg, C. (2015). Relevance of Vitamin D Receptor Target Genes for Monitoring the Vitamin D Responsiveness of Primary Human Cells. PLOS ONE, 10(4), e0124339. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0124339
  83. Walsh J, Bowles S., & Evans A. (2011) Vitamin D in obesity. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes. 2017 Dec;24(6):389-394. doi: 10.1097/MED.0000000000000371.
  84. WĂ€ndell P, Ayoob, S., Mossberg, L., & Andreasson, A. (2018). Vitamin D deficiency was common in all patients at a Swedish primary care centre, but more so in patients born outside of Europe. Journal of Public Health (Germany), 26(6), 649–652. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10389-018-0910-z
  85. Wang Z, Wang, Y., Xu, B., Liu, J., Ren, Y., Dai, Z., Cui, D., Su, X., Si, S., & Song, S. J. (2017). Vitamin D improves immune function in immunosuppressant mice induced by glucocorticoid. Biomedical Reports, 6(1), 120–124. https://doi.org/10.3892/br.2016.817
  86. Watkins J (2020) Preventing a COVID-19 pandemic. BMJ, 368, m810. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.m810
  87. Wei J, Zhu, A., Ji, J. S. (2019). A Comparison Study of Vitamin D Deficiency among Older Adults in China and the United States. Scientific Reports, 9(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-56297-y
  88. WHO | Vitamin D supplementation and respiratory infections in children. (2019). WHO. https://www.who.int/elena/titles/vitamind_pneumonia_children/en/ (Accessed 20th March 2020)
  89. WHO Coronavirus disease (COVID-2019) Situation reports. Situation report - 61 https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/situation-reports/20200321-sitrep-61-covid-19.pdf?sfvrsn=6aa18912_2 (Accessed 21st March 2020)
  90. Wikipedia Contributors (2020a) Coronavirus pandemic in France - Wikipedia. Wikipedia, Free Encycl. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2020_coronavirus_pandemic_in_France&oldid=946766885 (Accessed 22nd March 2020)
  91. Wikipedia contributors (2020b) Coronavirus Pandemic in Germany Wikipedia. Wikipedia, Free Encycl. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2020_coronavirus_pandemic_in_Germany&oldid=946714813 (Accessed 21st March 2020). Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)Situation Report –60
  92. Wikipedia Contributors (2020c) Coronavirus pandemic in Italy Wikipedia. Wikipedia, Free Encycl. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2020_coronavirus_pandemic_in_Italy&oldid=946699884 (Accessed 21st March 2020)
  93. Wikipedia contributors (2020d) Coronavirus pandemic in Sweden - Wikipedia. Wikipedia, Free Encycl. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2020_coronavirus_pandemic_in_Sweden&oldid=946766953 (Accessed 22nd March 2020)
  94. Wimalawansa S (2019) Vitamin D deficiency: effects on oxidative stress, epigenetics, gene regulation, and aging biology 2019, 8, 30; doi:10.3390/biology8020030
  95. Xu J, Jian, Y., Chen, J,. Luo, Q., Zhang, Q., Zhang, H. (2017) Vitamin D alleviates lipopolysaccharide‑induced acute lung injury via regulation of the renin‑angiotensin system Molecular Medicine Reports, Volume 16 Issue 5 Print ISSN: 1791-2997 Online ISSN:1791-3004 https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2017.7546
  96. Wu YC, Chen, C.-S., & Chan, Y.-J. (2020). The outbreak of COVID-19. An overview. Journal of the Chinese Medical Association, 1. https://doi.org/10.1097/jcma.0000000000000270
  97. Yang J,. Zhang, H., Xu, Z. (2016) Effect of Vitamin D on ACE2 and Vitamin D receptor expression in rats with LPS-induced acute lung injury. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1671-0282.2016.12.016
  98. Zhang L, Liu Y (2020) Potential Interventions for Novel Coronavirus in China: A Systemic Review. Journal of Medical Virology. https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.25707
  99. Zhang Y, Wu, S., & Sun, J. (2013). Vitamin D, vitamin D receptor and tissue barriers. Tissue Barriers, 1(1), e23118. https://doi.org/10.4161/tisb.23118

Minor corrections

  • First author: Brown RA
  • Table 1 needs sorting.
  • Reference is to table 2 although wrongly called Table 1.


Preprints for Gentle Science

MitoFit Preprints.png

» MitoFit Preprints - the Open Access preprint server for mitochondrial physiology and bioenergetics

» MitoPedia: Preprints


Labels: MiParea: mt-Medicine  Pathology: Infectious, Obesity 

Organism: Human 





Virus