Difference between revisions of "Calcium"
(18 intermediate revisions by 6 users not shown) | |||
Line 1: | Line 1: | ||
{{MitoPedia | {{MitoPedia | ||
|abbr=Ca | |abbr=Ca | ||
|description='''Ca<sup>2+</sup>''' is a major signaling molecule in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Its cytoplasmic concentration is tightly regulated by transporters in the plasma membrane and in the membranes of various organelles. For this purpose it is either extruded from the cell through exchangers and pumps or stored in organelles such as the endoplasmic reticulum and the mitochondria. Changes in the concentration of the cation regulate numerous enzymes including many involved in ATP utilizing and in ATP generating pathways and thus ultimately control metabolic activity of mitochondria and the | |description='''Ca<sup>2+</sup>''' is a major signaling molecule in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Its cytoplasmic concentration is tightly regulated by transporters in the plasma membrane and in the membranes of various organelles. For this purpose, it is either extruded from the cell through exchangers and pumps or stored in organelles such as the endoplasmic reticulum and the mitochondria. Changes in the concentration of the cation regulate numerous enzymes including many involved in ATP utilizing and in ATP generating pathways and thus ultimately control metabolic activity of mitochondria and of the entire cell. Measuring changes in Ca<sup>2+</sup> levels is thus of considerable interest in the context of [[high-resolution respirometry]]. | ||
|info=[[O2k-Publications: Calcium]] | |info=[[O2k-Publications: Calcium]] | ||
}} | }} | ||
__TOC__ | __TOC__ | ||
{{Template:Technical support integrated}} | |||
== Fluorometric measurement of Ca == | |||
::::» [[Calcium Green]] | |||
== Potentiometric measurement with ion selective electrode (ISE) == | |||
=== Ca measurement === | |||
:::: [[O2k-TPP+ ISE-Module]]: [[ISE-Ca2+ Membranes]] are not included in the O2k-TPP+ ISE-Module but can be ordered from Oroboros Instruments separately (Product ID 42280-01), for application of the O2k-TPP<sup>+</sup> ISE-Module for Ca<sup>2+</sup> measurements. | |||
:::: The Oroboros ion selective electrode (ISE) is designed with replaceable membranes making it possible to measure different ions such as Ca<sup>2+</sup>, TPP<sup>+</sup>, TPMP<sup>+</sup> with the same electrode housing. See also [[Calcium]] for general consideration about Ca<sup>2+</sup> measurements. We recommend to use fluorescence methods for measuring Ca<sup>2+</sup> concentrations, utilizing the [[O2k-Fluo Smart-Module]]. However, there may be special applications in which determination of Ca<sup>2+</sup> levels via ISE is advantageous. The use of a Ca<sup>2+</sup> electrode in mitochondrial research was described by Moreno et al.<ref>Moreno AJM, Vicente JA (2012) Use of a calcium-sensitive electrode for studies on mitochondrial calcium transport. Methods Mol Biol 810:207-17.</ref> Laboratories who are using the [[O2k-TPP+ ISE-Module| O2k-TPP<sup>+</sup> ISE-Module]] (but who do not have the [[O2k-Fluo Smart-Module]]) may apply the ISE for Ca<sup>2+</sup> detection. | |||
=== Inner filling solution === | |||
:::: The following inner filling solution is used: | |||
::::* CaCl<sub>2</sub>: 10 mM | |||
::::* EDTA: 50 mM | |||
::::* pH adjusted to 8.5 with KOH | |||
== | === Conditioning === | ||
:::: Conditioning of the membrane is a controversial topic. If any conditioning is done, the used free Ca<sup>2+</sup> concentration should probable not be much higher than the highest expected concentration during applications of the electrode. | |||
=== Calibration === | |||
:::: As a potentiometric method, the Ca<sup>2+</sup> electrode delivers a signal that is (in the working range) linear to the logarithm of the free Ca<sup>2+</sup> concentration. Therefore, the electrode is calibrated by plotting electrode signal vs. logarithm of the free Ca<sup>2+</sup> concentration. Calibration of the Ca<sup>2+</sup> electrode at low (< 1µM) Ca<sup>2+</sup> levels is typically done by exposing the electrode to a series of Ca<sup>2+</sup> calibration buffers. For a discussion of Ca<sup>2+</sup> calibration buffers see [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2747529 Tsien & Pozzan]. | |||
:::: Calculation of free Ca<sup>2+</sup> concentrations:» [https://somapp.ucdmc.ucdavis.edu/pharmacology/bers/maxchelator/downloads.htm] | |||
== | === Ca<sup>2+</sup> electrode and FCCP === | ||
:::: Some experimental evidence indicates that FCCP and the [[ISE-Ca2+ Membranes]] are incompatible. | |||
== References == | == References == | ||
Line 74: | Line 37: | ||
<references/> | <references/> | ||
{{MitoPedia methods | |||
{{ | |mitopedia method=Fluorometry | ||
}} | |||
Latest revision as of 15:03, 20 April 2021
Description
Ca2+ is a major signaling molecule in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Its cytoplasmic concentration is tightly regulated by transporters in the plasma membrane and in the membranes of various organelles. For this purpose, it is either extruded from the cell through exchangers and pumps or stored in organelles such as the endoplasmic reticulum and the mitochondria. Changes in the concentration of the cation regulate numerous enzymes including many involved in ATP utilizing and in ATP generating pathways and thus ultimately control metabolic activity of mitochondria and of the entire cell. Measuring changes in Ca2+ levels is thus of considerable interest in the context of high-resolution respirometry.
Abbreviation: Ca
Reference: O2k-Publications: Calcium
MitoPedia O2k and high-resolution respirometry:
O2k-Open Support
Fluorometric measurement of Ca
Potentiometric measurement with ion selective electrode (ISE)
Ca measurement
- O2k-TPP+ ISE-Module: ISE-Ca2+ Membranes are not included in the O2k-TPP+ ISE-Module but can be ordered from Oroboros Instruments separately (Product ID 42280-01), for application of the O2k-TPP+ ISE-Module for Ca2+ measurements.
- The Oroboros ion selective electrode (ISE) is designed with replaceable membranes making it possible to measure different ions such as Ca2+, TPP+, TPMP+ with the same electrode housing. See also Calcium for general consideration about Ca2+ measurements. We recommend to use fluorescence methods for measuring Ca2+ concentrations, utilizing the O2k-Fluo Smart-Module. However, there may be special applications in which determination of Ca2+ levels via ISE is advantageous. The use of a Ca2+ electrode in mitochondrial research was described by Moreno et al.[1] Laboratories who are using the O2k-TPP+ ISE-Module (but who do not have the O2k-Fluo Smart-Module) may apply the ISE for Ca2+ detection.
Inner filling solution
- The following inner filling solution is used:
- CaCl2: 10 mM
- EDTA: 50 mM
- pH adjusted to 8.5 with KOH
- The following inner filling solution is used:
Conditioning
- Conditioning of the membrane is a controversial topic. If any conditioning is done, the used free Ca2+ concentration should probable not be much higher than the highest expected concentration during applications of the electrode.
Calibration
- As a potentiometric method, the Ca2+ electrode delivers a signal that is (in the working range) linear to the logarithm of the free Ca2+ concentration. Therefore, the electrode is calibrated by plotting electrode signal vs. logarithm of the free Ca2+ concentration. Calibration of the Ca2+ electrode at low (< 1µM) Ca2+ levels is typically done by exposing the electrode to a series of Ca2+ calibration buffers. For a discussion of Ca2+ calibration buffers see Tsien & Pozzan.
- Calculation of free Ca2+ concentrations:» [1]
Ca2+ electrode and FCCP
- Some experimental evidence indicates that FCCP and the ISE-Ca2+ Membranes are incompatible.
References
- ↑ Moreno AJM, Vicente JA (2012) Use of a calcium-sensitive electrode for studies on mitochondrial calcium transport. Methods Mol Biol 810:207-17.
MitoPedia methods:
Fluorometry