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| :::: <big><big>O2k - the world's most '''P'''owerful, '''P'''opular and '''P'''restigeous respirometer for cellular and mitochondrial research</big></big> | | :::: <big><big>O2k - the world's most '''P'''owerful, '''P'''opular and '''P'''restigeous respirometer for cellular and mitochondrial research</big></big> |
| | | »[[O2k-Publications]] |
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| === Pathological states ===
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| * [[O2k-Publications: Aging;_senescence|Aging;senescence]]
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| * [[O2k-Publications: Alzheimer's disease|Alzheimer's]]
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| * [[O2k-Publications: Autism|Autism]]
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| * [[O2k-Publications: Cancer|Cancer]]
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| * [[O2k-Publications: Cardiovascular diseases|Cardiovascular]]
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| * [[O2k-Publications: COPD|COPD]]
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| * [[O2k-Publications: Diabetes 2|Diabetes]]
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| * [[O2k-Publications: Inherited|Inherited]] •• [[O2k-Publications: Infectious|Infectious]]
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| * [[O2k-Publications: Myopathy|Myopathy]]
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| * [[O2k-Publications: Neurodegenerative|Neurodegenerative]]
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| * [[O2k-Publications: Obesity|Obesity]]
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| * [[O2k-Publications: Parkinson's disease|Parkinson's]]
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| * [[O2k-Publications: Sepsis|Sepsis]]
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| * [[O2k-Publications: Other|Other]]
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| === Stress conditions ===
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| * [[O2k-Publications: Cell death|Cell death]] •• [[O2k-Publications: Cryopreservation|Cryopreservation]] •• [[O2k-Publications: Hypoxia|Hypoxia]] •• [[O2k-Publications: Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury and Preservation|Ischemia-reperfusion injury and preservation]] •• [[O2k-Publications: Permeability transition|Permeability transition]] •• [[O2k-Publications: RONS;_Oxidative_stress|Oxidative stress;RONS]] •• [[O2k-Publications: Temperature|Temperature]] •• [[O2k-Publications: Cell death|Cell death]] •• [[O2k-Publications: Mitochondrial Disease; Degenerative Disease and Defect|Mitochondrial disease;degenerative disease and defect]]
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| === Mammals and models, other organisms ===
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| * [[O2k-Publications: Human|Human]] •• [[O2k-Publications: Pig|Pig]] •• [[O2k-Publications: Horse|Horse]] •• [[O2k-Publications: Bovines|Bovines]] •• [[O2k-Publications: Cat|Cat]] •• [[O2k-Publications: Dog|Dog]] •• [[O2k-Publications: Rabbit|Rabbit]] •• [[O2k-Publications: Mouse|Mouse]] •• [[O2k-Publications: Rat|Rat]] •• [[O2k-Publications: Guinea pig|Guinea pig]]•• [[O2k-Publications: Other mammals|Other mammals]]
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| * [[O2k-Publications: Chicken|Chicken]] •• [[O2k-Publications: Zebrafish|Zebrafish]] •• [[O2k-Publications: Drosophila|Drosophila]] •• [[O2k-Publications: Caenorhabditis elegans|Caenorhabditis elegans]] •• [[O2k-Publications: Artemia|Artemia]] •• [[O2k-Publications: Saccharomyces cerevisiae|Saccharomyces cerevisiae]]
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| * [[O2k-Publications: Comparative MiP;environmental MiP|Comparative MiP]] •• [[O2k-Publications: Plants |Plants]]
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| * [[O2k-Publications: Organisms|Further information]]
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| === Tissues, cell types and cell lines ===
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| * [[O2k-Publications: Heart|Heart]] •• [[O2k-Publications: Skeletal muscle|Skeletal muscle]] •• [[O2k-Publications: Nervous system|Nervous system]] •• [[O2k-Publications: Liver|Liver]] •• [[O2k-Publications: Kidney|Kidney]] •• [[O2k-Publications: Lung; gill|Lung; gill]] •• [[O2k-Publications: Fat|Fat]] •• [[O2k-Publications: Genital|Genital]] •• [[O2k-Publications: Endothelial; Epithelial; Mesothelial Cell|Endothelial;epithelial;mesothelial cell]] •• [[O2k-Publications: Islet Cell; Pancreas; Thymus|Islet cell;pancreas;thymus]] •• [[O2k-Publications: Blood cells|Blood cells]]
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| * [[O2k-Publications: CHO|CHO]] •• [[O2k-Publications: HEK|HEK]] •• [[O2k-Publications: HeLa|HeLa]] •• [[O2k-Publications: Neuroblastoma|Neuroblastoma]] •• [[O2k-Publications: Fibroblast|Fibroblast]] •• [[O2k-Publications: HUVEC|HUVEC]] •• [[O2k-Publications: Macrophage-derived cell lines|Macrophage-derived cell lines]] •• [[O2k-Publications: Lymphocyte|Lymphocyte]] •• [[O2k-Publications: Platelet|Platelet]] •• [[O2k-Publications: Stem cells|Stem cells]] •• [[O2k-Publications: Other cell lines|Other cell lines]]
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| === Preparations ===
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| * [[O2k-Publications: Intact Organism|Intact organism]] •• [[O2k-Publications: Intact Organ|Intact organ]] •• [[O2k-Publications: Intact cells|Intact cells]] •• [[O2k-Publications: Permeabilized cells|Permeabilized cells]] •• [[O2k-Publications: Permeabilized_tissue|Permeabilized tissue]] •• [[O2k-Publications: Homogenate|Homogenate]] •• [[O2k-Publications: Isolated Mitochondria|Isolated mitochondria]] •• [[O2k-Publications: SMP|SMP]] •• [[O2k-Publications: Chloroplasts|Chloroplasts]] •• [[O2k-Publications: Enzyme|Enzyme]] •• [[O2k-Publications: Oxidase; Biochemical Oxidation|Oxidase and biochemical oxidation]]
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| === Regulation ===
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| * [[O2k-Publications: ADP|ADP]] •• [[O2k-Publications: ATP production|ATP production]] •• [[O2k-Publications: Aerobic glycolysis|Aerobic glycolysis]] •• [[O2k-Publications: Amino acid|Amino acid]] •• [[O2k-Publications: Calcium|Calcium]] •• [[O2k-Publications: Coupling efficiency;uncoupling|Coupling efficiency;uncoupling]] •• [[O2k-Publications: Cyt c |Cyt c]] •• [[O2k-Publications: Fatty acid |Fatty acid]] •• [[O2k-Publications: Flux control|Flux control]] •• [[O2k-Publications: Inhibitor|Inhibitor]] •• [[O2k-Publications: Ion;substrate transport|Ion;substrate transport]]
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| * [[O2k-Publications: mt-Membrane potential |mt-Membrane potential ]] •• [[O2k-Publications: O2|O2]] •• [[O2k-Publications: O2|O2]] •• [[O2k-Publications: Redox state|Redox state]] •• [[O2k-Publications: Temperature|Temperature]] •• [[O2k-Publications: Threshold;excess capacity|Threshold;excess capacity]] •• [[O2k-Publications: Substrate|Substrate]] •• [[O2k-Publications: Uncoupler|Uncoupler]]·
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| === Enzymes ===
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| * [[O2k-Publications: Adenine nucleotide translocase|Adenine nucleotide translocase]] •• [[O2k-Publications: Complex I|Complex I]] •• [[O2k-Publications: Complex II;succinate dehydrogenase|Complex II;succinate dehydrogenase]] •• [[O2k-Publications: Complex III|Complex III]] •• [[O2k-Publications: Complex IV;cytochrome c oxidase|Complex IV;cytochrome c oxidase]] •• [[O2k-Publications: Complex V;ATP synthase|Complex V;ATP synthase]] •• [[O2k-Publications: Inner mt-membrane transporter|Inner mt-membrane transporter]] •• [[O2k-Publications: Marker enzyme|Marker enzyme]] •• [[O2k-Publications: Supercomplex|Supercomplex]] •• [[O2k-Publications: TCA cycle and matrix dehydrogenases|TCA cycle and matrix dehydrogenases]] •• [[O2k-Publications: Uncoupling protein|Uncoupling protein]]
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| === MiPMap combinations - ''examples'' ===
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| Examples for specific combinations are given for O2k-Publications:
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| * [[O2k-Publications: Human - Skeletal muscle|O2k-Publications: Human skeletal muscle]]
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| * [[O2k-Publications: Human - Heart|O2k-Publications: Human heart]]
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| * [[O2k-Publications: Skeletal muscle - human vs mouse]]
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| === O2k-Manuals and protocols and specific instrumental applications ===
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| * [[O2k-Manual]] •• [[O2k-Publications: Instruments;methods|Instruments;methods]] •• [[O2k-Publications: TIP2k|TIP2k]] •• [[O2k-Publications: O2k-Fluorometry|O2k-Fluorometry]] •• [[O2k-Publications: Theoretical Background|Theoretical background]] •• [[O2k-Protocols]] •• [[O2k-Publications: Q-Junction Effect|Q-junction effect]]
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| * [[O2k-Publications:_Twin-Flow_Respirometry|Twin-Flow respirometry]] •• [[O2k-Publications: Separate DatLab Applications|Separate DatLab applications]]
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- O2k - the world's most Powerful, Popular and Prestigeous respirometer for cellular and mitochondrial research
»O2k-Publications
For more information, browse through the O2k-Publications
High-Resolution: high accuracy, minimum amount of sample
| Sample
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Amount
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O2k-Chamber
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Temp.
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| Heart mitochondria
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0.01 mg protein
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2.0 ml
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37 ° C
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| Permeabilized muscle fibers
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1 mg wet weight
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2.0 ml
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37 ° C
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| Endothelial cells
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0.2 • 10^6 cells
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2.0 ml
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37 ° C
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| T-lymphocytes
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1 • 10^6 cells
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2.0 ml
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37 ° C
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Reference: Pesta 2012 Methods Mol Biol
Rapidly Increasing Demands
Approaches to mitochondrial and cellular respirometry have been transformed and extended in mitochondrial physiology, from specialized bioenergetics to integrative and clinical applications. Meeting rapidly increasing demands, the new OROBOROS O2k covers major areas of interest:
1. Routine analysis of oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) in diverse fields of research such as redox signaling, oxidative stress 1, ischemia-reperfusion 2, aging 3, degenerative and inherited diseases 4; apoptosis, cancer research and drug testing 5, cell signaling 6, and environmental stress. For the non-specialist, the O2k provides robustness and reliability of instrumental performance. Full software support by DatLab includes automatic oxygen calibration, continuous display of oxygen concentration and respiratory flux, and on-line tabulation of final results on OXPHOS activity during selected experimental sections. Standardized O2k quality controls eliminate interferences by instrumental artifacts. Long-term stability of the polarographic oxygen sensors ensures the O2k to be ready to use (no exchange of membranes and electrolyte for months).
2. High throughput is required in research with cell cultures and pharmacological tests. The O2k has two independent chambers for parallel experimental runs. User-friendly features make it possible to apply several O2k simultaneously.
3. Diagnosis of OXPHOS in living and permeabilized cells, small amounts of tissue from transgenic animal models, and human needle biopsies requires high-resolution respirometry to obtain accurate results even at high sample dilution. <1 mg fresh muscle tissue or <500.000 cells are required per chamber (10-fold less compared to conventional instruments). Multiple substrate/inhibitor titration protocols extend the information gained on various OXPHOS complexes in a single incubation.
4. Prevalence of oxidative stress at air-level oxygen tensions demands a shift to physiological low-oxygen ranges for studying OXPHOS [www.pnas.org/cgi/content/full/97/20/11080| 7], 8.
5. O2k-MultiSensor applications (pH, NO, H2O2, ion sensitive electrodes), and sampling from the chamber (CS enzyme assays; EPR spin probes for ROS) extend the diagnostic power of high-resolution respirometry.
This makes the OROBOROS Oxygraph-2k the world-wide unique instrument for high-resolution respirometry:
- Instrumental concept: including integrated Peltier-temperature control, automatic Titration-Injection microPump TIP2k
